Stop Stealing Songs essays

Quit Stealing Songs expositions Have you envisioned that you could get your most loved artist⠁fs tunes, for example, Eric Clapton, Rolling Stones, and Beatles with no installment? The fantasy has worked out as expected: Napster, an online music sharing delicate. It empowers its clients to download music records through the Internet, which implies that up to one music sweetheart has a PC and association with the Internet, the music darling can get well known tunes, old style music, and even national songs of praise. One CD costs around fifteen dollars, yet Napster doesn't require its clients to pay in light of the fact that the clients are simply getting and loaning their music documents with one another. This is much the same as a fantasy. I don't have a clue how much cash I have spent to tune in to my preferred performers. The fantasy, Napster, has pulled in more than eighty a large number of music fans everywhere throughout the world since it was made in 1999, as per USA Today. Tragically it has likewise gotten music companies⠁f consideration and Napster was sued. The fight between the music organizations and Napster, which professes to be a savior for music fans who whine about CD costs or simply need melodies free, were probably going to be the lose of Napster and, truth be told, it was. The Supreme Court requested Napster to confine its administration and the constraint of the administration has been performed; be that as it may, this isn't sufficient. Napster ought to totally stop its administration since it is, in all actuality, disregarding the copyrights, clients are not paying craftsmen, and it can ruin the eventual fate of online music and motion pictures dissemination. Napster is unquestionably damaging the copyrights. A reason that is regularly created by the music taking clients is that they don't appropriate music records that they have, yet they simply acquire and loan the documents among the clients, so they are not abusing the copyrights. Despite the fact that individual music exchanging, which has been much of the time done among music customers since the creation of tapes and CD fs, may not annoy illegal and, accordingly, the clients may not be violat... <!

Security and DML Data Control Language Essay Example

Security and DML Data Control Language Paper The security is a significant component of any table chiefly on the grounds that when there are different individuals that require get to. Any of these individuals may just need access to a particular table to alter the data and setting confinements on this entrance empowers the database chief to keep up better control of any of the touchy data just as to guarantee that the information is precise and uprightness. I think a class scheduler, for instance, would just need access to the table that has the occasions and the dates for a particular class or classes. For this individual, it is no doubt one of only a handful not many with data to alter or roll out precise improvements to the table. Second, on the off chance that they have a particular activity as the calendar, they undoubtedly wouldn’t expect access to different tables. Subsequently, by shutting access to different tables in the database, it very well may be conclusively recognized that the data has the modified or cha nged any of the other data other than from what they approach. Be that as it may, I think by using techniques, for example, SQL Data Control Language (DCL) orders, assignments can be given to arrange both the security and honesty requirements of the database. Likewise, it ensures that these orders guarantee that all information stays secure and reliable. At the point when access to specific databases is mentioned I accept that the blended validation is the best strategy to utilize. The blended mode will empower the two Windows Authentication and SQL Server Authentication by making an increasingly vigorous security layer. For example, a Username and secret word is required for choice which should be particularly recognizable to that particular client and it additionally contains numerous characters in it. It will guarantee that the working framework token alongside the username and secret key is required each time get to is mentioned into a database. We will compose a custom exposition test on Security and DML Data Control Language explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Security and DML Data Control Language explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Security and DML Data Control Language explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Security and DML †Data Control Language Security and DML †Data Control Language Security and DML †Data Control Language There are a ton of advantages and disadvantages that are related with utilizing this strategy. One of the weaknesses would be for example if a client has es†¦

Spring Class Visitation Schedule COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Spring Class Visitation Schedule COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you have plans on visiting SIPA in the near future you might be interested in attending a class.   Logistically some classes are better to visit than others and in an effort to assist we have published a class visitation schedule.   It is a good idea to let the faculty member teaching the class know that you are coming and the name and email of the professor are included on the list. Also of note is that we have information sessions for the MIA and MPA two-year, full-time programs each Monday at 6:00 PM and each Friday at Noon.   Registration is required and if you are interested in attending please send a message to sipa_admission@columbia.edu. As a reminder we will also be hosting an Admitted Student Day on Tuesday, April 12th and we are also working on putting together events in select cities so that admitted applicants can interact with SIPA alumni.   I will post more details here on the blog when they become available.

The Importance Of Intelligence And Organizational Leadership

Introduction Cybercriminals have been increasingly engaging in online attacks exploiting organization’s vulnerabilities and deficiencies (Bhattacharya, 2011). Among the organizational factors that are necessary to combat cybercrime and other problems related to information security, leadership is one of the most important (Bhattacharya, 2011; Kwon, et al., 2013). Indeed, not only does effective leadership enable the organization to appropriately defend itself against, and respond to, cybercrime through the appropriate use of information security strategies, an excellent leader also ensures regulatory compliance and the development of an effective monitoring plan to reduce information security risks (Kwon, et al., 2013). At the other end of the spectrum, ineffective leadership leads to passive or reactive measures against cybercrime that, in turn, can place the organization at risk of information security related damage and losses (Gupta and Hammond, 2005). This mini proposal presents a body of research that will make a contribution to emotional intelligence and organizational leadership in the information security age. It presents the steps taken to select the participants, how the data will be analyzed into themes. The mini proposal will also present methods, techniques and the tasks are used to capture the data. It also discusses a series of studies that provide an empirical evaluation of particular cybercrime events, and uses the experimental results to beginShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Of Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Leadership, And Workplace795 Words   |  4 PagesDowney (2011) indicated that emotional intelligence, organizational leadership, and workplace culture are directly linked to how employees relate to the leaders of an organization. The understanding of emotional intelligence, its components and a comparable leadership style such as transformational leadership is vital to the success of an organization. The general organizational problem is that employees are burned-out, their lack of trust in senior leadership is affecting the morale of the remainingRead MoreThe Influence of Leadership on Organizational Culture1744 Words   |  7 PagesTHE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Leadership is a matter of intelligence, trustworthiness, humaneness, courage, and discipline . . . Reliance on intelligence alone results in rebelliousness. Exercise of humaneness alone results in weakness. Fixation on trust results in folly. Dependence on the strength of courage results in violence. Excessive discipline and sternness in command result in cruelty. When one has all five virtues together, each appropriate to its functionRead MoreLeadership Development : A Strategic Approach820 Words   |  4 PagesFuture Leadership Development Consequently, leadership development requires that organizations take a strategic approach such as coaching, training programs, mentoring, and/or virtual learning. A critical analysis and evaluation of what I learned regarding leadership development is that organizations must evaluate organizational needs and individual skills and competencies; assess an individual readiness to learn; create performance measures and evaluation criteria to measure training and learningRead MoreThe Role Of Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership1320 Words   |  6 Pages As the study of leadership has expanded over the past decades, a general shift in the paradigm of leadership style has begun to occur. The male dominated workforce has started to give way to a far more diversified workplace, with increasing numbers of women and minorities in leadership positions. This shift, resultantly, is causing a move away from the traditional leadership styles, with more focus given to contemporary leadership theories. For example, in a recent TED Talk Roselinde Torres discussedRead MoreConstructing A Good Human Being : Ethics By Aristotle1594 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant aspects of Organizational Behavior, my current major. In this paper, I will argue how the core values of Organizational Behavior were developed and connected with Aristotle’s ethical ideas. I will begin by elucidating my major, Organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior (OB) is defined as the study of human behavior in the workplace, of the interaction between people with the organization, and the organization itself (DuBrin, 2016, pp.3). My main goals as an organizational behavior majorRead MoreOrganizational and Professional Development1519 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational and Professional Development Introduction Social intelligence has been defined as the ability to understand and manage other people, and to engage in adaptive social interactions like making them to get along with you. Social intelligence entails a persons awareness to a situation and the social dynamics that accompany the situation and the knowledge of the strategies and interaction style, that, he/she can use to achieve the desired objective while dealing with others (Bob, 2008)Read MoreThe Leadership Model : Inclusive Leadership And Organizational Culture Among A Diverse Global Group Of Employees1065 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Leadership Models Research has shown inclusive leadership is based on leadership that is ethical and all-encompassing driven by the leaders desire to honestly connect to subordinates. Ethical leaders such as Authentic, Servant, and Strategic understand the importance of all subordinates regardless of race, creed, color or national origin play an equally important role in the strategic organizational plan. Such traits allow leaders to effectively engage with subordinates of a wide varietyRead MoreLeadership Styles And Emotional Intelligence1160 Words   |  5 PagesSadri, 2012). Part of developing effective social skills or intelligence is increasing organizational awareness (Boyatzis, 2011). Organizational awareness is the ability to recognize and comprehend the overt and covert emotional currents as well as power relationship within groups. Leaders with organizational awareness understand the culture and corresponding dynamics (Boyatzis, 2011). Leadership Styles and Emotional Intelligence Leadership can be broken down into two major categories, transactionalRead MoreThe Emotional Intelligence Test, Decision Making1270 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership style is significant in creating organizational success and being an effective leader. A person’s leadership style is dependent upon a variety of circumstances such as, biases, decision-making abilities, situation, environment, culture, gender, emotional intelligence, and personality. Effective leadership can induce process improvement and performance, maintain a viable gain, and is a strong foundation for organizational development (Jing, Avery, 2016). Research suggests that leadershipRead MoreThe Leadership Intervention Strategies For Rebuild Team Morale And Effectiveness1681 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily law matters. Nevertheless, while failing to discern the importance of building positive relationship with team members, maximizing the output of the team seemed to be the only thing she encouraged and valued. As a result, the team had suffered from low morale and there was no trust between Karina and the team members. Complication Poor team relationships are undoubtedly detrimental to team productivity and possibly overall organizational performance (De Dreu and Weingarten 2003). As a team leader

News Media And Voting Preferences Essay - 1391 Words

Introduction The news media plays an important role in society. It sets the stage for political news, manages sources, and controls the information. It functions as a window to the outside world, and possesses the ability to shape public knowledge, attitudes, and voting behavior. The relationship between news media and voting preferences has become a hot topic in recent years worldwide. This paper will focus on the social and social-psychological aspects of media influence on the voting preferences of the United Kingdom citizens. In general, news media may change the social setting in which people decide whether to vote or not, and, as a consequence, the process of voting itself. By conducting the research I would like to understand to what extent news media may influence voting preferences in the United Kingdom. The duration of research is one year, that is why longitudinal studies will not be used, but I will concentrate on comparative experimental field studies. The main objective s of the present study are: first of all, to identify and explore voting preferences concerning the General Election across the United Kingdom; second, to identify what types of news media people follow in the UK; third, to examine whether and why consumption patterns of news media correspond to voting preferences. Theoretical Background Academic research has consistently found that news media plays the important role in creating an informed electorate. Existing research proves thisShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Memory on Voting Behaviors809 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of Memory on Voting Behaviors In The Determinants and Consequences of Recall Error about Gulf War Preferences, Mark Joslyn examines the effects of outside influences on the opinions of voters. Specifically, Joslyn explores errors in autobiographical memories of opinions of the governments involvement in the Gulf War and studies the change of opinions of individuals pre and post war. Memories are an important factor when making political decisions. It is necessary to study theseRead MoreHow Much Exposure And Media Did The Individual Experience Before Voting Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesWith the majority of the survey being nominal with question variation the range of the answers could be Strong Democrat all the way to Strong Republican, A question that leads the research is, â€Å"How much exposure to media did the individual experience before voting and did that affect the way that individual voted?† Because at the end of the questioning that is the real answer to the question we’re asking. There is a noticeable differentiation in most of the questions asking how strong or weak anRead MoreAmeric An Interesting And Different Perspective On American Democracy998 Words   |  4 Pagesof. At the bottom you will find citizens’ preferences, then you have mediators, and lastly the formation of public policy. These different steps explain how democracy works as a sociological phenomenon; the public affects how public policies are created, and public policies affect the publics mind. Citizens’ preferences in American Democracy are thought of as the majority’s common preferences. This is usually represented through opinion polls and media. However, Perrin asks us the simple questionRead MoreExplanation Analysis And Video Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pages 1912 has positioned itself as the liberal party on domestic issues. The economic philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced modern American liberalism, has shaped much of the party s agenda since 1932. Roosevelt s New Deal coalition controlled the White House until 1968 with the exception of Eisenhower 1953-1961. Democrats have generally been center-left and support social justice, social progressivism, a mixed economy, and the welfare state. In 2004, it wasRead MoreGovernment Essay - Elections1339 Words   |  6 Pagesone would think. Yes, people sometimes vote blindly along party lines, but there is a whole host of variables that can influence a voters decision, and, largely, the outcome of an entire election. Such variables include the issues at hand, party preferences, polling results and the medias coverage. While these criteria are ever-important influences in any election, there are a select few races in which they became more important than ever. Three elections in particular come to mind Ââ€" the electionsRead MoreTwo Party Preferred System in Australian Politics925 Words   |  4 Pagesof the two main political parties continually compete for the populist vote. This environment is dominated by the media portrayal of our political parties and as a result of this, policies for the long term interests of the country have become secondary to short term wins (Marsh, 2010). In his article Marsh (2010) suggests that the Australian political system could benefit from new infrastructure by replacing senate with committees of the legislature rather than the executive which could resultRead MoreThe American National Government Is A Influential Political System1622 Words   |  7 Pageslaw.† (Executive Branch, 2016) The Obama administration issued a letter of guidance to allow transgender access to restrooms but Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick instructed the Texas schools not to obey the transgender bathroom decree. In his news conference Dan Patrick stated, This will be the end of public education, if this prevails, Patrick said. People will pull their kids out, homeschooling will explode, and private schools will increase. (http://insider.foxnews.com/2016/05/13/tx-Read MoreThe Politics of Establishing Urban Growth Areas in St. Claire1392 Words   |  6 PagesGrowth Management Unofficial Actors * Citizens * Johnson amp; James Corporation (Land Developers) * Political Parties * City Councils (Cooperville and Vanish Ridge) * Media and other interest groups (possible Unofficial Actors) 2) Members voting for the Amended Interim UGA: * Thorne is a member of the County Council’s Land Use Committee and one of the promoter of the two amendments applied to the original UGA. Also Thorne is very linked with developmentRead MoreModern Political Campaigns1854 Words   |  7 Pagescampaigns begin† (Holbrook 1996). Similarly, from the aggregate level, research also concludes that elections and voting behavior are determined by long-term political beliefs, economic factors, and incumbency strength rather than campaigns. Holbrook argues, â€Å"decades of voting behavior research suggests that campaigns should not be expected to play a consequential role in determining either voting behavior of election outcomes† (Holbrook 1996). Although the evidence presented may seem conclusive, this isRead MoreHow Does Media Bias Affect Campaigns? Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Media Bias Affect Campaigns? Political scientist, journalists, and politicians alike often discuss the role of the news media’s place in affecting campaigns, and voter perceptions. Claims of media bias in political news coverage have risen over the past two decades. Scholarly research has explored concerns that broadcast and print media shape voting decisions in democratic processes. The aim of my literature review is to investigate and study the hypothesis that the more a specific news media

Chapter 3 Quiz Free Essays

1 of 30 Which of the following is a flow variable? A. the value of the house in which you live B. the balance in your savings account C. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 3 Quiz or any similar topic only for you Order Now your monthly consumption of hamburgers D. the number of hamburgers in your refrigerator at the beginning of the month 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. As explained in Section 2-1, a flow is a quantity measured per unit time and a stock is a quantity measured at a given point in time. 2 of 30 Which of the following is not a stock variable? A. government debt B. the labor force C. the amount of money held by the public D. inventory investment 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. Inventory investment is a quantity measured per unit time, so it is a flow variable. See Section 2-1. 3 of 30 Gross domestic product (GDP) is A. a stock. B. a flow. C. both a stock and a flow. D. neither a stock nor a flow. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. GDP is a quantity measured per unit time, so it is a flow. See Section 2-1. 4 of 30 GDP measures A. expenditure on all final goods and services. B. total income of everyone in the economy. C. total value added by all firms in the economy. D. all of the above. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. See Section 2-1 for a discussion of what GDP measures. of 30 Suppose that a farmer grows wheat and sells it to a baker for $1, the baker makes bread and sells it to a store for $2, and the store sells it to the customer for $3. This transaction increases GDP by     A. $1. B. $2. C. $3. D. $6. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. As explained in Section 2-1, GDP includes only the value of the final goods and servi ces. Therefore, this transaction increases GDP by $3. 6 of 30 Which of the following is not included in GDP? A. the salary paid to a federal judge B. the value of housing services enjoyed by homeowners C. the value of automobile services enjoyed by car owners D. he value added by a shipping company that transports goods from the factory to retail stores 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. In principle, GDP should include the imputed rent on automobiles, but in practice it does not. See Section 2-1. 7 of 30 In which case is total expenditure in an economy not equal to total income? A. If total saving is larger than total investment. B. If net exports are not zero. C. If inventory investment is negative. D. None of the above—they are always equal. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. As explained in Section 2-1, total expenditure in an economy always equals total income. of 30 All other things equal, GDP will rise if A. imports rise. B. exports fall. C. durable goods consumption rises. D. military spending falls. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. A rise in imports, a fall in exports, or a fall in military spending will decrease GDP. A rise in durable goods consumption will increase GDP. See Section 2-1. 9 of 30 Which of the following statements describes the difference between real and nominal GDP? A. Real GDP includes only goods; nominal GDP includes goods and services. B. Real GDP is measured using constant base-year prices; nominal GDP is measured using current prices. C. Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP less the depreciation of the capital stock. D. Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP multiplied by the CPI. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is B. For a discussion of the differences between real and nominal GDP, see Section 2-1. 10 of 30 If production remains the same and all prices double, then real GDP     A. and nominal GDP are both constant. B. is constant and nominal GDP is reduced by half. C. is constant and nominal GDP doubles. D. doubles and nominal GDP is constant. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. Real GDP is measured in constant prices, so it is unaffected by a price increase. Nominal GDP is measured in current prices. If prices double, so will nominal GDP. See Section 2-1. 11 of 30 Real GDP equals A. nominal GDP minus net exports. B. nominal GDP divided by the GDP deflator. C. nominal GDP multiplied by the GDP deflator. D. GDP minus depreciation. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. As explained in Section 2-1, real GDP equals nominal GDP divided by the GDP deflator. 12 of 30 If production remains the same and all prices double relative to the base year, then the GDP deflator is     A. 1/4. B. 1/2. C. 1. D. 2. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is D. As explained in Section 2-1, the GDP deflator equals nominal GDP divided by real GDP. If prices double, nominal GDP will double and real GDP will be unchanged. Therefore, the GDP deflator will equal 2. 13 of 30 Consider the following table: APPLES ORANGES Year Production/Price Production/Price 1995 20/ $0. 50 10/$1. 00 2000 10/ $1. 00 10/$0. 50 If 1995 is the base year, what is the GDP deflator for 2000? A. 0 B. between 0 and 1 C. 1 D. greater than 1 Question not answered 14 of 30 To obtain the net national product (NNP), start with the gross national product (GNP) and subtract     A. depreciation. B. epreciation and indirect business taxes. C. depreciation, indirect business taxes, and corporate profits. D. depreciation, indirect business taxes, corporate profits, and social insurance contributions. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is A. For an explanation of NNP, see Section 2-1. 15 of 30 To obtain national income, start with GNP and subtract A. depreciation. B. depreci ation and the statistical discrepancy. C. depreciation, indirect business taxes, and corporate profits. D. depreciation, indirect business taxes, corporate profits, and social insurance contributions. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. National income equals GNP minus depreciation and the statistical discrepancy. See Section 2-1. 16 of 30 Approximately what percentage of national income consists of compensation of employees? A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 70 percent D. 95 percent 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The components of national income are discussed in section 2-1. 17 of 30 Which of the following is not considered investment? A. A family builds a house in which it plans to live. B. A car dealer stores some of this year’s models for next year. C. An individual purchases several pieces of antique furniture. D. A firm buys a computer for word processing. out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. As discussed in Section 2-1, the reallocation of existing assets among different individuals is not investment for economy. 18 of 30 Suppose that Jones builds a new house, then she sells it to Smith, and then Smith sells it to Williams. The total net investment from these transactions is     A. zero . B. 1 house. C. 2 houses. D. 3 houses. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is B. As explained in Section 2-1, building a new house counts as investment; selling an existing house does not. 19 of 30 The consumer price index (CPI) A. measures the price of a fixed basket of goods and services. B. measures the price of a basket of goods and services that constantly changes as the composition of consumer spending changes. C. measures the amount of money that it takes to produce a fixed level of utility. D. is one of the many statistics in the National Income Accounts. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is A. The CPI measures the price of a fixed basket of goods and services. See Section 2-2. 20 of 30 Suppose that the typical consumer buys one apple and one orange every month. In the base year 1986, the price for each was $1. In 1996, the price of apples rises to $2, and the price of oranges remains at $1. Assuming that the CPI for 1986 is equal to 1, the CPI for 1996 would be equal to     A. 1/2. B. 1. C. 3/2. D. 2. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The CPI measures the change in the price of the typical consumer’s basket of goods. Since the price of the basket was $2 in 1986, and it is $3 in 1996, the CPI for 1996 is equal to 3/2. See Section 2-2. 21 of 30 Consider the following table: | Consumption Goods| Nonconsumption Goods| Year| Production Price| Production Price| 1995| 20/$0. 50| 10/$1. 00| 2000| 10/$1. 00| 10/$0. 50| If 1995 is the base year, the CPI in 2000 is A. 0. B. 1/2. C. 1. D. 2. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. The CPI is a measure of the price of a fixed basket of consumption goods. Since the price of consumption goods doubled between 1995 and 2000, the 2000 CPI will equal 2. See Section 2-2. 22 of 30 Which of the following statements about the CPI and the GDP deflator is true? A. The CPI measures the price level; the GDP deflator measures the production of an economy. B. The CPI refers to a base year; the GDP deflator always refers to the current year. C. The weights given to prices are not the same. D. The GDP deflator takes the price of imported goods into account; the CPI does not. out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. For a discussion of the CPI and the GDP deflator, see Section 2-2. 23 of 30 All other things equal, if the price of foreign-made cars rises, then the GDP deflator     A. and the CPI will rise by equal amounts. B. will rise and the CPI will remain the same. C. will remain the same and the CPI will rise. D. and the CPI will ri se by different amounts. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. Goods and services produced abroad do not enter the GDP deflator, but are included in the CPI if the foreign goods are in the consumers’ basket. See Section 2-2. 24 of 30 General Motors increases the price of a model car produced exclusively for export to Europe. Which U. S. price index is affected? A. the CPI B. the GDP deflator C. both the CPI and the GDP deflator D. neither the CPI nor the GDP deflator 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The GDP deflator is affected because the cars are produced domestically. The CPI does not change because the cars are not consumed domestically. See Section 2-2. 25 of 30 Which of the following events will cause the unemployment rate to increase? A. an increase in population, with no change in the size of the labor force   B. proportionally equal increase in the labor force and the number of unemployed workers   C. an increase in the labor force with no change in the number of employed workers   D. an increase in the number of employed workers with no change in the number of unemployed workers 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed workers divided by the labor force. If the labor force increases and employment does not change, the unemployment rate will increase. See Section 2-3. 26 of 30 An example of a person who is counted as unemployed is a A. retired worker below the mandatory retirement age. B. part-time worker who would like to work full-time. C. senator who resigns her job to run for president. D. student going to school full-time. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. For a discussion of who is considered unemployed, see Section 2-3. 27 of 30 Suppose that a factory worker turns 62 years old and retires from her job. Which statistic is not affected? A. number of unemployed B. unemployment rate C. labor force D. labor-force participation rate 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is A. The factory worker willingly leaves her job so she is not considered to be unemployed. See Section 2-3. 28 of 30 Suppose that the size of the labor force is 100 million and that the unemployment rate is 5 percent. Which of the following actions would reduce the unemployment rate the most? A. 1 million unemployed people get jobs B. 2 million unemployed people leave the labor force C. 3 million people join the labor force and they all get jobs   D. 10 million people join the labor force and half of them get jobs 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The unemployment rate is equal to the number of unemployed workers divided by the size of the labor force. If you calculate it for each of the above situations, you will see that it is most reduced when 2 million unemployed people leave the labor force. See Section 2-3. 29 of 30 Suppose that a Canadian citizen crosses the border each day to work in the United States. Her income from this job would be counted in     A. U. S. GNP and Canadian GNP. B. U. S. GNP and Canadian GDP. C. U. S. GDP and Canadian GNP. D. U. S. GDP and Canadian GDP. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Her income is counted as U. S. GDP and Canadian GNP. See Section 2-1 for the definitions of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP). 0 of 30 Suppose that an Italian working in the United States renounces his Italian citizenship and is granted U. S. citizenship. Which of the following will happen? A. Italian GDP will fall; U. S. GNP will rise. B. Italian GNP will fall; U. S. GNP will rise. C. Italian GDP will fall; U. S. GDP will rise. D. Italian GNP will fall; U. S. GDP will rise. 0 o ut of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The worker’s income was counted as Italian GNP and U. S. GDP. After the worker becomes a U. S. citizen, his income is counted as U. S. GNP and GDP. Therefore, Italian GNP falls and U. S. GNP rises. See Section 2-1. How to cite Chapter 3 Quiz, Essay examples

Chapter 3 Quiz Free Essays

1 of 30 Which of the following is a flow variable? A. the value of the house in which you live B. the balance in your savings account C. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 3 Quiz or any similar topic only for you Order Now your monthly consumption of hamburgers D. the number of hamburgers in your refrigerator at the beginning of the month 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. As explained in Section 2-1, a flow is a quantity measured per unit time and a stock is a quantity measured at a given point in time. 2 of 30 Which of the following is not a stock variable? A. government debt B. the labor force C. the amount of money held by the public D. inventory investment 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. Inventory investment is a quantity measured per unit time, so it is a flow variable. See Section 2-1. 3 of 30 Gross domestic product (GDP) is A. a stock. B. a flow. C. both a stock and a flow. D. neither a stock nor a flow. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. GDP is a quantity measured per unit time, so it is a flow. See Section 2-1. 4 of 30 GDP measures A. expenditure on all final goods and services. B. total income of everyone in the economy. C. total value added by all firms in the economy. D. all of the above. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. See Section 2-1 for a discussion of what GDP measures. of 30 Suppose that a farmer grows wheat and sells it to a baker for $1, the baker makes bread and sells it to a store for $2, and the store sells it to the customer for $3. This transaction increases GDP by     A. $1. B. $2. C. $3. D. $6. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. As explained in Section 2-1, GDP includes only the value of the final goods and servi ces. Therefore, this transaction increases GDP by $3. 6 of 30 Which of the following is not included in GDP? A. the salary paid to a federal judge B. the value of housing services enjoyed by homeowners C. the value of automobile services enjoyed by car owners D. he value added by a shipping company that transports goods from the factory to retail stores 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. In principle, GDP should include the imputed rent on automobiles, but in practice it does not. See Section 2-1. 7 of 30 In which case is total expenditure in an economy not equal to total income? A. If total saving is larger than total investment. B. If net exports are not zero. C. If inventory investment is negative. D. None of the above—they are always equal. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. As explained in Section 2-1, total expenditure in an economy always equals total income. of 30 All other things equal, GDP will rise if A. imports rise. B. exports fall. C. durable goods consumption rises. D. military spending falls. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. A rise in imports, a fall in exports, or a fall in military spending will decrease GDP. A rise in durable goods consumption will increase GDP. See Section 2-1. 9 of 30 Which of the following statements describes the difference between real and nominal GDP? A. Real GDP includes only goods; nominal GDP includes goods and services. B. Real GDP is measured using constant base-year prices; nominal GDP is measured using current prices. C. Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP less the depreciation of the capital stock. D. Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP multiplied by the CPI. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is B. For a discussion of the differences between real and nominal GDP, see Section 2-1. 10 of 30 If production remains the same and all prices double, then real GDP     A. and nominal GDP are both constant. B. is constant and nominal GDP is reduced by half. C. is constant and nominal GDP doubles. D. doubles and nominal GDP is constant. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. Real GDP is measured in constant prices, so it is unaffected by a price increase. Nominal GDP is measured in current prices. If prices double, so will nominal GDP. See Section 2-1. 11 of 30 Real GDP equals A. nominal GDP minus net exports. B. nominal GDP divided by the GDP deflator. C. nominal GDP multiplied by the GDP deflator. D. GDP minus depreciation. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. As explained in Section 2-1, real GDP equals nominal GDP divided by the GDP deflator. 12 of 30 If production remains the same and all prices double relative to the base year, then the GDP deflator is     A. 1/4. B. 1/2. C. 1. D. 2. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is D. As explained in Section 2-1, the GDP deflator equals nominal GDP divided by real GDP. If prices double, nominal GDP will double and real GDP will be unchanged. Therefore, the GDP deflator will equal 2. 13 of 30 Consider the following table: APPLES ORANGES Year Production/Price Production/Price 1995 20/ $0. 50 10/$1. 00 2000 10/ $1. 00 10/$0. 50 If 1995 is the base year, what is the GDP deflator for 2000? A. 0 B. between 0 and 1 C. 1 D. greater than 1 Question not answered 14 of 30 To obtain the net national product (NNP), start with the gross national product (GNP) and subtract     A. depreciation. B. epreciation and indirect business taxes. C. depreciation, indirect business taxes, and corporate profits. D. depreciation, indirect business taxes, corporate profits, and social insurance contributions. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is A. For an explanation of NNP, see Section 2-1. 15 of 30 To obtain national income, start with GNP and subtract A. depreciation. B. depreci ation and the statistical discrepancy. C. depreciation, indirect business taxes, and corporate profits. D. depreciation, indirect business taxes, corporate profits, and social insurance contributions. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. National income equals GNP minus depreciation and the statistical discrepancy. See Section 2-1. 16 of 30 Approximately what percentage of national income consists of compensation of employees? A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 70 percent D. 95 percent 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The components of national income are discussed in section 2-1. 17 of 30 Which of the following is not considered investment? A. A family builds a house in which it plans to live. B. A car dealer stores some of this year’s models for next year. C. An individual purchases several pieces of antique furniture. D. A firm buys a computer for word processing. out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. As discussed in Section 2-1, the reallocation of existing assets among different individuals is not investment for economy. 18 of 30 Suppose that Jones builds a new house, then she sells it to Smith, and then Smith sells it to Williams. The total net investment from these transactions is     A. zero . B. 1 house. C. 2 houses. D. 3 houses. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is B. As explained in Section 2-1, building a new house counts as investment; selling an existing house does not. 19 of 30 The consumer price index (CPI) A. measures the price of a fixed basket of goods and services. B. measures the price of a basket of goods and services that constantly changes as the composition of consumer spending changes. C. measures the amount of money that it takes to produce a fixed level of utility. D. is one of the many statistics in the National Income Accounts. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is A. The CPI measures the price of a fixed basket of goods and services. See Section 2-2. 20 of 30 Suppose that the typical consumer buys one apple and one orange every month. In the base year 1986, the price for each was $1. In 1996, the price of apples rises to $2, and the price of oranges remains at $1. Assuming that the CPI for 1986 is equal to 1, the CPI for 1996 would be equal to     A. 1/2. B. 1. C. 3/2. D. 2. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The CPI measures the change in the price of the typical consumer’s basket of goods. Since the price of the basket was $2 in 1986, and it is $3 in 1996, the CPI for 1996 is equal to 3/2. See Section 2-2. 21 of 30 Consider the following table: | Consumption Goods| Nonconsumption Goods| Year| Production Price| Production Price| 1995| 20/$0. 50| 10/$1. 00| 2000| 10/$1. 00| 10/$0. 50| If 1995 is the base year, the CPI in 2000 is A. 0. B. 1/2. C. 1. D. 2. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. The CPI is a measure of the price of a fixed basket of consumption goods. Since the price of consumption goods doubled between 1995 and 2000, the 2000 CPI will equal 2. See Section 2-2. 22 of 30 Which of the following statements about the CPI and the GDP deflator is true? A. The CPI measures the price level; the GDP deflator measures the production of an economy. B. The CPI refers to a base year; the GDP deflator always refers to the current year. C. The weights given to prices are not the same. D. The GDP deflator takes the price of imported goods into account; the CPI does not. out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. For a discussion of the CPI and the GDP deflator, see Section 2-2. 23 of 30 All other things equal, if the price of foreign-made cars rises, then the GDP deflator     A. and the CPI will rise by equal amounts. B. will rise and the CPI will remain the same. C. will remain the same and the CPI will rise. D. and the CPI will ri se by different amounts. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. Goods and services produced abroad do not enter the GDP deflator, but are included in the CPI if the foreign goods are in the consumers’ basket. See Section 2-2. 24 of 30 General Motors increases the price of a model car produced exclusively for export to Europe. Which U. S. price index is affected? A. the CPI B. the GDP deflator C. both the CPI and the GDP deflator D. neither the CPI nor the GDP deflator 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The GDP deflator is affected because the cars are produced domestically. The CPI does not change because the cars are not consumed domestically. See Section 2-2. 25 of 30 Which of the following events will cause the unemployment rate to increase? A. an increase in population, with no change in the size of the labor force   B. proportionally equal increase in the labor force and the number of unemployed workers   C. an increase in the labor force with no change in the number of employed workers   D. an increase in the number of employed workers with no change in the number of unemployed workers 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed workers divided by the labor force. If the labor force increases and employment does not change, the unemployment rate will increase. See Section 2-3. 26 of 30 An example of a person who is counted as unemployed is a A. retired worker below the mandatory retirement age. B. part-time worker who would like to work full-time. C. senator who resigns her job to run for president. D. student going to school full-time. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. For a discussion of who is considered unemployed, see Section 2-3. 27 of 30 Suppose that a factory worker turns 62 years old and retires from her job. Which statistic is not affected? A. number of unemployed B. unemployment rate C. labor force D. labor-force participation rate 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is A. The factory worker willingly leaves her job so she is not considered to be unemployed. See Section 2-3. 28 of 30 Suppose that the size of the labor force is 100 million and that the unemployment rate is 5 percent. Which of the following actions would reduce the unemployment rate the most? A. 1 million unemployed people get jobs B. 2 million unemployed people leave the labor force C. 3 million people join the labor force and they all get jobs   D. 10 million people join the labor force and half of them get jobs 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The unemployment rate is equal to the number of unemployed workers divided by the size of the labor force. If you calculate it for each of the above situations, you will see that it is most reduced when 2 million unemployed people leave the labor force. See Section 2-3. 29 of 30 Suppose that a Canadian citizen crosses the border each day to work in the United States. Her income from this job would be counted in     A. U. S. GNP and Canadian GNP. B. U. S. GNP and Canadian GDP. C. U. S. GDP and Canadian GNP. D. U. S. GDP and Canadian GDP. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Her income is counted as U. S. GDP and Canadian GNP. See Section 2-1 for the definitions of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP). 0 of 30 Suppose that an Italian working in the United States renounces his Italian citizenship and is granted U. S. citizenship. Which of the following will happen? A. Italian GDP will fall; U. S. GNP will rise. B. Italian GNP will fall; U. S. GNP will rise. C. Italian GDP will fall; U. S. GDP will rise. D. Italian GNP will fall; U. S. GDP will rise. 0 o ut of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The worker’s income was counted as Italian GNP and U. S. GDP. After the worker becomes a U. S. citizen, his income is counted as U. S. GNP and GDP. Therefore, Italian GNP falls and U. S. GNP rises. See Section 2-1. How to cite Chapter 3 Quiz, Essay examples

Varieties of Liberalism free essay sample

Liberal thinking on international relations can be dimly perceived in the various plans for peace articulated by philisophers from the sixteenth century onwards. Such thinkers rejected the idea that conflict was a natural condition for relations between states,one which could only be tamed by the careful management of power through balance of power policies and the construction of alliances against the state which threatened international order. In 1517 Erasmus first iterated a familiar liberal theme;war is unprofitable. To overcome it,the kings and princes of Europe must desire peace,and perform kind gestures in relations with fellow sovereigns in the expectation that these will be reciprocated. Other early liberal thinkers placed an emphasis upon the need for institutional structures to constrain international ‘’outlaws’’. Towards the end of the seventeenth century,William Penn advocated a ‘’Diet’’ of Europe. Indeed,there are some remarkable parallels between Penn’s ideas and the institutions of the European Union today. We will write a custom essay sample on Varieties of Liberalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Penn envisaged that the number of delegates to the Parliament should be proportional to the power of the state,and that lagislation required a kind of ‘’qualified majority voting’’ or as Penn put it,the support of 75 percent of the delegates. These broad sketches of ideas from some of the progenitors of liberal thinking in international relations show how,from Penn’s plans for a ‘’Diet’’ in 1693 to the Treaty on European Union in 1992,there are common themes underlying Liberalism;in this instance,the theme is the importance of submitting the separate ‘’wills’’ of individual states to a general will agreed by states acting collectively (se efor example,Kant’s third definitive article in Box 8. 2). Yet it would be wrong to suggest that the development of liberal thinking on international affairs has been linear. Indeed,it is often possible to portray current political differences in terms of contrasting liberal principles. To return to the Treaty on European Union mentioned above,the debate which raged in many European countries could be presented as one in which the liberal principle of integration was challenged by another liberal principle of the right of states to retain sovereignty over key aspects of social and economic policies. How should we understand this relationship between autonomy and integration which is embodied in Liberalism? One way might be to apply a historical approach,providing detailed accounts of the contexts with which various philisophers,politicians and international lawyers contributed to the elaboration of key liberal values and beliefs. Although the contextual approach has merit it tends to downplay the dialogue between past and present,closing off parallels between Immanuel Kant and Francis Fukuyama. An alternative method,which is favoured in this chapter,is to lay baret he variety of liberalims thematically rather than historically. To this end,the following section identifies three patterns of thought as the principal constituents of Liberalism: liberal internationalism,idealism and liberal institutionalism. Liberal internationalism: Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham were two of the leading liberal internationalist of the Enlightenment. Both were reacting to the barbarity of international relations or what Kant graphically described as ‘’the lawless state of savagery’’,at a time when domestic politics was at the cusp of a new age of rights,citizenship and constitutionalism. Their abhorrance of the lawless savagery led them individ? lly to elaborate plans for ‘’perpetual peace’’. Although written over two centuries ago,these manifestos contain the seeds of key liberal internationalist ideas,in particular the belief that reason could deliver freedom and justice in international relations. For Kant the imperative to achieve perpetual peace required the transform ation of individual consciousness,republican constitutionalism and a federal contract between states to abolish war. This federation can be likened to a permanent peace treaty,rather than a ‘’superstate’’ actor or World government. Jeremy Bentham tried to address the specific problem of the tendency among states to resort to war as a means of settling international disputes. ’’But,establish a common tribunal’’,Bentham argued and ‘’the necessity for war no longer follows from a difference of opinion’’(Luard 1992:416). Like many liberal thinkers after him,Bentham showed that federal states such as the German Diet;the American Con-federation and the Swiss League were able to transform their identity from one based on conflicting interests to a more peaceful federation. As Bentham famously argued,’’between the interests of nations there is nowhere any real conflict’’. Note that these plans for a permanent peace imply an extension of the social contract between individuals in domestic society to states in the international system,in other words,sucjecting the states to a system of legal rights and duties. But crucially,liberal internationalists-unlike the idealists of the inter-war period believed that a law-governed international society could emerge without a world government. It was primarily this liberal idea of a natural ‘’harmony of interests’’ in international political and economic relations which E. H. Carr attacked in hic polemical work The Twenty Years Crisis. Although Carr’s book remains one of the most stimulating in the field,one ‘’which leaves us nowhere to hide’’,it could be argued that Carr incorrectly targets idealists of the interwar period as the object of his attack instead of the liberal internationalists of the nineteenth century. As we will see in the following section,rather than relying on a natural harmony to deliver peace,idealists fervently believed that a new international order had to be constructed,one which was managed by an international organization. This line of argument represents a significant shift from the nineteenth century liberal internationalism to the idealist movement in the early part of the twentieth century. Idealism:Like liberal internationalism,the era of idealism was motivated by the desire to prevent war. However,many idealists were sceptical that laissez faire economic principles,like free trade,would deliver peace. Idealists,like J. A. Hobson,argued that imperialism the subjugation of foreign peoples and their resources was becoming the primary cause of conflict in international politics. For Hobson,imperialism resulted from underconsumption within developed capitalist societies. This led capitalists to search for higher profits overseas,which became a competitive dynamic between states and the catalyst for militarism,leading to war. Here we see a departure from the liberal internationalist argument that capitalism was inherently pacific. The fact that Britain and Germany had highly interdependent economies before the Great War(1914-18),seemed to confirm the fatal flaw in the liberal internationalist association of interdependence with peace. From the turn of the century,the contradictions within European civilization,of progress and exemplarism on the one hand and the harnessing of industrial power for military purposes on the other,could no longer be contained. Europe stumbled into a horrific war killing fifteen million people. The war not only brought an end to three empires it was also a contributing factor to the Russian Revolution of 1917. In his famous ‘’fourteen points’’speech,addressed to Congress in January 1918,Wilson argued that ‘’a general association of nations must be formed’’ to preserve the coming peace. The League of Nations,was of course,the general association which idealists willed into existence. For the League to be effective,it had to have the military power to deter aggression and when necessary to use a preponderance of power to enforce its will. This was the idea behind the collective security system which was central to the League of Nations. Collective security refers to an arrangement where ‘’each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all and agrees to join in a collective response to aggression’’. In the case of the League of Nations,Article 16 noted the obligation that,in the event of war,all member states must cease normal relations with the offending state,impose sanctions and if necessary,commit their armed forces to the disposal of the League Council should the use of force be required to restore the status quo. The experience of the League of Nations was a disaster. Whilist the moral rhetoric at the creation of the League was decidedly idealist,in practice states remained imprisoned by self-interest. There is no better example of this than United States decision not to join the institution it had created. With the Soviet Union outside the system for ideological reasons,the League of Nations quickly became a talking shop fort he ‘’satisfied’’powers. Hitler’s decision in March 1936 to reoccupy the Rhineland,a designated demilitarized zone according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles,effectively pulled the plug on the League’s life-support system. Indeed,throughout the 1930s,the term crisis had become the most familiar one in international affairs. Although the League of Nations was the principal organ of the idealist inter-war order,it is important to note other ideas which dominated liberal thinking in the early part of the twentieth century. Education became a vital addition to the liberal agenda,hence the origins of the study of International Relations as a discipline in Aberystwyth in 1919 with the founding of the Woodrow Wilson professorship. One of the tasks of the Wilson Professor was to promote the League of Nations as well as contributing to ‘’the truer understanding of civilizations other than our own. It is this self-consciously normative approach to the discipline of International Relations,the belief that scholarship is about what ought to be and not just what is,that sets the idealists apart from the institutionalists who were to carry the torch of liberalism through the early post-1945 period. Liberal institutionalism:According to the history of the discipline of International Relations,the collapse of the League of Nations signified the end of idealism. There is no doubt that the language of liberal institutionalism was less avowedly normative ;how could anyone assume progress after Auschwitz? Yet certain fundamental tenets remained. Even in the early 1940s,there was a recognition of the need to replace the League with another international institution with responsibility for international peace and security. Only this time,in the case of the United Nations there was an awareness among the framers of the Charter of the need for a consensus between the Great Powers in order for enforcement action to be taken,hence the veto system which allowed any of the five permanent mambers of the Security Council the power of veto. This revision constituted an important modification to the classical model of collective security. With the ideological polarity of the cold war,the UN procedures for collective security were still-born. It was not until the end of the cold war that a collective security system was operationalized,following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on 2 August 1990(see Box 8. 4) An important argument by liberal institutionalists in the early post-war period concerned the state’s inability to cope with modernization. David Mitrany,a Pioneer integration theorist,argued that transnational co-operation was required in order to resolve common problems. His core concept was ramification,meaning the likehood that co-operation in one sector would lead governments to extend the range of collaboration across other sectors. As states become more embedded in an integration process,the ‘’cost’’ of withdrawing from co-operative ventures increases. This argument about the positive benefits from transnational co-operation is one which lies at the core of liberal institutionalism. For writers such as Haas,international and regional institutions were a necessary counterpart to sovereign states whose capacity to deliver welfare goals was decreasing(1968:154-8). The work of liberal institutionalists like Mitrany and Haas,provided an important impetus to closer co-operation between European states,initially through the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Consistent with Mitrany’s hypothesis,co-operation in the energy sector provided governments with the confidence to undertake the more ambitious plan for a European Economic Community enshrined in the Treaty of Rome in 1956. Although the phenomenon of transnationalism was an important addition to the International Relations theorists vocabulary,it remained under-developed as a theoretical concept. Perhaps the most important contribution of pluralism was its elaboration of independence. Due to the expansion of capitalism and the emergence of a global culture,pluralists recognized a growing interconnectedness between states which brought with it a shared responsibility fort he environment. The following passage sums up this position neatly: We are all noe caught up in a complex systemic web of interactions such that changes in one part of the system have direct and indirect consequences fort he rest of the system. The previous section has delineated three elements in the history of liberal thinking on international relations. Below,the chapter will bring this conversation between contending liberalisms up to date,hence the prefix ‘’neo’’ attached to each variant. Although the underlying arguments within each element remain constant,there have been discernible shifts in the political purposes to which those arguments have been utilized. Neo-liberal internationalism:One of the ‘’big ideas’’ in the theory and practice of international relations in the 1990s is known as ‘’the democratic peace thesis’’. The kernel of this argument,which can be traced back to Kant’s philosophical sketch on Perpetual Peace,is that liberal states do not g oto war with other liberal states. In this sense,liberal states have created what Michael Doyle has termed,a ‘’separate peace’’. Although liberal states are pacific in relation to other liberal states,Doyle recognizes that liberal democracies are as aggressive as any other type of state in their relations with authoritarian regimes and stateless peoples. Although the empirical evidence seems to support the democratic peace thesis,it is important to bear in mind the limitations of the argument. In the first instance,fort he theory to be compelling,supporters of the ‘’democratic peace thesis’’ must provide an explanation as to why war has become unthinkable between liberal states. Over two centuries ago,Kant argued that if the decision to use force was taken by the people,rather than by the prince,then the frequency of conflicts would be drastically reduced. But logically this argument implies a lower frequency of conflicts between liberal and non-liberal states and,this has proven to be contrary to the historical evidence. An alternative explanation for the ‘’democratic peace thesis’’ might be that liberal states tend to be wealthy and therefore have less to gain by engaging in conflicts than poorer authoritarian states. Perhaps the most convincing explanation of all is the simple fact that liberal states tend to be in relations of amity with other liberal states. War between Canada and the US is unthinkable,perhaps not because of their liberal democratic constitutions,but because they are friends. Indeed,war between states with contrasting political and economic systems may also be unthinkable because they have a history of friendly relations. An example here is Mexico and Cuba,who although claiming a common revolutionary tradition nevertheless embrace antithatical economic ideologies. At the political level,the powerful states in the international system are able to use institutional leverage as a means of embedding formerly non-liberal states into the liberal World order. The EU has done this extensively in its relations with former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The ‘’bargain’’ can be seen in terms of material rewards in return for accepting western values in the economic and political/social spheres. Increasingly,the US has used a combination of punitive and rewarding strategies to spread liberal ideas in previously illiberal parts of the World. In relations with the Third World,where there are fewer prospects for exerting regional institutional leverage,the most effective tool has been conditionality: the policies developing countries must pursue in return for economic benefits such as loans or investments. More recently,conditionality has expanded from the requirement to liberalize and privatize the economic sector,to include targets on ‘’good governance’’ and compliance to human rights norms. While proponents might claim some successes,its reception in Asia has been contested. The rapid economic development of some Asian states has made them economically less dependent on Western aid or expertise and at the same time values are universally shared. The Australian dilemma,illustrated in Case Study 2 between promoting human rights in the Asia-Pacific region without damaging its economic and security interests,might serve as a microcosm for furture relations between a weaker West and a potential economic colossus like China. Neo-idealism:Like the idealists of the inter-war period,neo-idealists have a good deal in common with liberal internationalism:both share a commitment to democratic forms of government and both believe that independence breeds peace. That said,neo-idealist believe that peace and justice are not natural conditions,they are the product of deliberate design. Moreover,the processes of globalization have added to the enormity of this task. Encouraging or even coercing non-liberal states to become more democratics is only part of what is required in order to bring about a truly liberal World order. Consistent with the original idealists,neo-idealists argue that reform needs to take place ar the international level: like states themselves,international institutions need to be made more democratic. Similarly,neo-idealists believe that global social movements must be brought into the decision-making structures,since these are often closer to ordinary people than their own governments. In addition to tackling the global ‘’democratic deficit’’,neo-idealists are more prone to point to the dark side of globalization than liberal internationalists. These arguments are discussed in greater lenght below. Liberal internationalists tend to use the term globalization in positive ways,as though we lived in a global village,signifying economic and moral interconnectedness. Yet for more radical neo-idealists,the World seems more like a scene from the film Blade Runner with post-modern Technologies coexisting with ethical anarchy and urban decay. Neo-idealists like Richard Falk recognize that globalization and community are frequently at odds with each other. ’This tension between the ethical imperatives of the global neighbourhood and the dynamics of economic globalisation’’ ,he argues,is ‘’an evasion that has been characteristics of all post-Wilsonian variants of liberal internationalism. In this sense,neo-liberal internationalism has fallen prey to the neo-liberal consensus which minimizes the role of the public sector in providing for welfare,and elevates the market as the appropriate mechanism for allocating resources,investment and employment opportunities. Although the globalization of liberalism has improved the per capita income of the vast majority of the world’s population,the rate of increase among the powerful states has been far greater. According to the United Nations Development Programme the share of global income of the richest fifth of the world’s population is 72 times greater than the poorest fifth. The average Daily income of these ‘’have-nots’’ is less than 1 dollar a day. In place of the Westphalian and UN models,Held outlines a ‘’cosmopolitan model of democracy’’. This requires,in the first instance,the creation of regional parliaments and the extension of the authority of such regional bodies which are already in existence. Second,human rights conventions must be entrenched in national parliaments and monitored by a new International Court of Human Rights. Third,reform of the UN or the replacement of it,with a genuinely democratic and accountable global parliament. Without appearing to be too sanguine about the prospects fort he realization of the cosmopolitan model of democracy. Held is nevertheless adamant that if democracy is to thrive,it must penetrate the institutions and regimrs which manage global politics. Neo-liberal institutionalism:In the 1980s,pluralism metamorphosed into neo-liberal institutionalism. One of the problems with the former ‘’label’’ is that few of the thinkers actually identified themselves with the movement. By contrast,liberal institutionalism has attracted some of the most prolific and influential thinkers in the field,and has become the new orthodoxy in a number of key North American schools of International Relations. In addition to a high degree of self-identification on the part of contemporary liberal institutionalists,the second important revision to the earlier pluralism can be identified in the far more focused research agenda of liberal internationalism. The third and most substantive revision to pluralism concerns the shifts back towards a state-centric approach to world politics. The core principles of neo-liberal institutionalism can be distilled into the following four principles. *Actor:Liberal isntitutionalists tak efor granted the state as a legitimate representation of society. Although emphasizing the importance of non-state actors in his early pluralist work,Robert Keohane’s understanding of neo-liberal institutionalism admits that non-state actors are subordinate to states. *Structure:Liberals broadly accept the structural condition of anarchy in the international system,but crucially,anarchy does not mean co-operation between states is impossible,as the existence of international regimes demonstrates. In short,regimes and international institutions can mitigate anarchy by reducing verification costs,reinforcing reciprocity and making defection from norms easier to punish. Process:Integration at the regional and global level is increasing. Here the future direction of the European Union is considered to be a vital test case for neo-liberal institutionalism. *Motivation:States will enter into co-operative relations even if another state will gain more from the interaction,in other words,’’absolute gains’’are more importa nt for liberal institutionalists than ‘’relative gains’’. It is vital to bear in mind the context out of which neo-liberal institutionalism developed. Leading neo-liberal institutionalists such as Axelrod,Keohane and Oye,developed their ideas in response to Kenneth Waltz’s theory of neo-realism outlined in his 1979 work Theory of International Politics. Moreover, this response was from within the mainstream as opposed to the radical critical theory challenge from the margins which also developed in the 1980s. Given this context,it is not surprising that neo-liberal institutionalism often seems closer to contemporary realism than to the tradition of liberal thinking about international relations. As the analysis of neo-idealism demonstrates,radical liberals do not take the state for granted. Legitimacy is not something that states possess by right,but something which has to be earned through humane government and democratic procedures. Moreover,early liberal institutionalists,such as Mitrany and Haas,were sceptical about whether states could deliver liberal goals of order and justice even if they had the will. Accordingly,they prescribed devolving power down to local government/regional assemblies or up to supra-state organizations or World government. Conclusion and postscript: the crisis of Liberalism There is something of a crisis in contemporary liberal thinking on international relations. The euphoria with which liberals greeted the end of the cold war in 1989 has to a large extent been dissipated;the great caravan of humanity,kick-started with the revolutions of 1989,is once again coming to a spluttering halt. Successive post-cold war conflicts,in Afghanistan,Liberia,Chechnya,Somalia,Burundi and Rwanda remind us that in many parts of the world,the conditions which fuelled these tensions in the cold war period remain in place;for example,the geopolitical rivalry to grant massive arms transfers to states involved in ‘’civil’’ wars. The audit of global politics at the beginning of the twenty-first century,from a liberal point of view,begins to take on a much darker hue when the wars of the former Yugoslavia are included. Unlike the tragedies of Rwanda and Burundit,the conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo took place on the doorstep of the liberal zone. How could the national hatreds exhibited by all the warring parties take root once again in Western soil? Liberal internationalists like Michael Ignatieff despaired that acts of ethnic cleansing had returned to haunt Europe fifty years after the Holocaust. After all,it was the Enlightenment which provided a vocabulary for articulating liberal ideas such as human rights and humanitarian law. ’’What made the Balkan wars so shocking’’ argued Ignatieff,’’was how little these universals were respected in their home continent’’. (1995) A deeper reason fort he crisis in Liberalism an done which is prompted by Ignatieff’s argument,is that it is bound up with an increasingly discredited Enlightenment view of the world. Contrary to the hopes of liberal internationalists,the application of reason and science to politics has not brought communities together. Indeed,it has arguably shown the fragmented nature of the political community,which is regularly expressed in terms of ethnic,linguistic or religious differences. Critics of Liberalism from yhe left and right vie the very idea of ‘’moral universals’’ as dangerous. Communitarian-minded liberals worry that the universalizing mission of liberal values such as democracy,capitalism and secularism,undermine the traditions and practices of non-Western cultures. Radical critics are also suspicious of the motives for promoting liberal values. The Marxist writer Immanuel Wallerstein has a nice way of putting this in terms of universalism as a ‘’gift’’ of the powerful to the weak which places them in a double-bind : ‘’to refuse the gift is to lose;to accept the gift is to lose’’. The key question for Liberalism at the dawn of a new century is whether it can reinvent itself as a non-universalizing,non-Westernizing political idea,which preserves the traditional liberal value of human solidarity without undermining cultural diversity.

The Puritan Dilemma essays

The Puritan Dilemma essays In The Puritan Dilemma we discover Edmund S. Morgans views of what Puritanism is and how John Winthrop dealt with the dilemma of being a puritan. After receiving his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1942, Edmond S. Morgan taught at the University of Chicago (194546) and at Brown (194655) before becoming professor of history at Yale (1955). An expert on American colonial history, Morgan writes in a way that appeals to the general reading public while maintaining high scholarly standards. His many books include The Puritan Family, The Stamp Act Crisis, with his wife Helen, The Puritan Dilemma and biographies of Ezra Stiles and Roger Williams. Morgans work, The Puritan Dilemma, fits into his body of works based on the common thread of history that many of his works shared. Morgan traces how John Winthrop struggled with the dilemma, first internally, as he dealt with the question of whether traveling to the New World represented a selfish form of "separatism", the desire to separate himself from an impure England, or whether, as he eventually determined, it offered a unique opportunity to set an example for all men by establishing a purer Christian community in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It seems to have been important to Winthrop and his fellow Puritans that they had the approval of the King and that though they were distancing themselves from the Church of England, they were not actually in turn renouncing it. Three major themes of The Puritan Dilemma are a series of challenges that stem from the Puritan dilemma itself, which Winthrop describes as, the paradox that required a man to live in the world without being of it. The overall theme of the book was how to deal with keeping ones own beliefs pure when faced with trials and tribulations. These themes include the question of how the colony was to be governed, the separatism that was occurring within the church, and the beli ...

5 Subject-Verb Disagreements

5 Subject-Verb Disagreements 5 Subject-Verb Disagreements 5 Subject-Verb Disagreements By Mark Nichol When crafting sentences, writers must take care to check that verbs are inflected to correspond with the subject- the word or phrase the verb pertains to- which is not necessarily the most adjacent noun. The following sentences, each discussed and revised beneath the examples, demonstrate the various pitfalls one can encounter with this issue. 1. Demonstrating effective continuous-monitoring programs have also helped leading institutions meet heightened regulatory expectations. The verb following programs pertains not to that word but to demonstrating- it is the act of demonstrating, not the programs, that has provided the assistance referred to here, so has is the correct form of the verb: â€Å"Demonstrating effective continuous-monitoring programs has also helped leading institutions meet heightened regulatory expectations.† 2. Nearly one in three organizations spend less than one million dollars annually on compliance with the regulation. In sentences such as this in which a phrase refers to a proportion of a whole in which the proportion is one, the verb should be singular: â€Å"Nearly one in three organizations spends less than one million dollars annually on compliance with the regulation.† 3. Implementing simplistic solutions based on symptomatic causes, or a single cause when there are multiple interacting causes, are highly likely to end in failure and disappointment. When two choices are presented as alternatives rather than as a combination, with or rather than and linking them, a singular verb is appropriate because it applies only to the first option: â€Å"Implementing simplistic solutions based on symptomatic causes, or a single cause when there are multiple interacting causes, is highly likely to end in failure and disappointment.† 4. The patchwork of federal and state regulations have left firms with great uncertainty about how to comply. The verb applies to the subject patchwork, not to the phrase modifying the subject, so has, not have, is correct: â€Å"The patchwork of federal and state regulations has left firms with great uncertainty about how to comply.† 5. I feel that each of these skills are crucial for this job. The subject of this sentence is each, not skills, so the associated verb must be singular: â€Å"I feel that each of these skills is crucial for this job.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeCapitalization Rules for the Names of GamesEbook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Applying to university Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying to university - Essay Example Though I do not profess to be a hardcore feminist, still, through personal experience I have come to know that the women are made to behave and act in a particular way through continual training and regimentation, right from the time of their birth. Right when a baby girl is born, she is made to learn that she is required to wear particular kind of clothes, she is to behave and act in a particular way, and she is to learn to do specific types of household chores. Even the innocent games played by female children are full of such societal imprints and expectations. So no wonder, when a baby girl grows out to be an adult woman, she is already convinced in her mind that she has to abide by the norms of a male dominated society. Such expectations imprinted in the minds of women wreck havoc with their innate aptitude and their potential for personal growth and development. In the professional sphere, the consequences of male dominance tend to be very obvious. Time and again one comes to hear about the ‘glass ceiling’. Even the women who dare to transcend these constraints have to compromise to a large extent. To excel in their careers, they are not allowed to harness the abilities like networking, empathy, bonding, consensus making that the innately possess because of being a women. Rather they are expected to imitate the male competitive role models, a thing that resultantly jeopardizes their personal and professional lives. The result is a deep seated sense of dissatisfaction and frustration. So, I believe that one of the essential goals of my education is to be able to get over such societal barriers and the consequent macho trends and expectations. I believe that the essential goal of education is to enable a person to build professional and personal relationship with others on the terms of equality and respect. Anything contrary to this is

Domestic Violence, alcohol and substance abuse Thesis

Domestic Violence, alcohol and substance abuse - Thesis Example Excessive use of alcohol in men increases the possibility of wife abuse (Lynetta, 2011). According to researchers, there is a relation between the 2 behaviors and its exact character remains blurred. One research worker states that, â€Å"alcohol and substance abuse are the most prominent element that leads to domestic violence. Many of the theorists found that too much use of alcohol and substance abuse are the main factor in the dynamics of spouse beating (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, n.d.). Many statistics records show a relationship between domestic violence, alcohol and substance abuse. According to recent reports of the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) assailants in more than 90% of the domestic abuse cases used alcohol or substance abuse on the day of the assault (Buddy, 2011). In addition to this, one more study shows this relation among domestic violence, alcohol and substance abuse; according to this study before assaulting their partners forty-eight to eighty-seven percent of the batterers were under the influence of alcohol, among these rates substance abuse rate is thirteen to twenty percent whereas alcohol rate is sixty to seventy percent (Buddy, 2011). Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (n.d.).  Chapter 1—Effects of Domestic Violence on Substance Abuse Treatment - Substance Abuse Treatment and Domestic Violence - NCBI Bookshelf. [online] Retrieved from:

Raising Awareness for Health Equality

Raising Awareness for Health Equality The District health unit and Sudbury SDHU has established numerous plans/ initiative to enlighten and raise alertness towards health equality. The video Lets Start a Conversation about Health†¦ and Not Talk about Health Care at All. This video diverts attention from what society perceives health care problems are- doctor scarcity, hospital wait times, nurse scarcity, health care expenses/ cost- and prominences a new point of view. Awareness is drawn towards public health, fostering healthy demeanors, sustaining healthy environment and advocating for approaches to make health choice a simple one (Health Equality, n.d). In general the aim is to emphasize on equity and health prevention and this is achieved using analysis from the collective determinants of health indicated in the video and also from text book Countless findings check listed in the video aligns with textbook. There are numerous health issues that our community is accosted with like: diabetes, cancer, asthma, heart disease, obesity and many more, countless of us are in poor health (Health Equality, n.d). We are   educated that if we maintain healthy diet, a dynamic lifestyle, stop smoking as well as decrease excess drinking-we can stop ourselves from getting sick ( Health Equality, n.d ). There are many other elements that cause ill health that we mostly do not consider. There is a strong connection between an individuals socioeconomic status and their health. Recent statistics reveal the higher your income levels the less you will get ill and the video does a substantial job in bringing that view forward. When you receive less income you are usually more stressed.   Stressed about accommodation payment, family needs, transport, food and the checklist can go on. Stress is one of the principal cause of sickness. On an individual level there are numerous forces that influence ones health- activity, family, food, health care access, coping etc. health is the outcome of the lifestyle choice we make, the residence we can afford   and the social aggravation we face. These elements are internally connected to the education we acquire, our gross pay, and employment we hold and our perception of community. And these elements are also impacted by external elements such as culture, public strategies, and economy (Health Equality, n.d). This is connected to what we have been taught in class.   The video does a great job in communicating these health problems but they fail to be comprehensive with each factor stated. The video examines health income through a materialists view. This is the viewpoint that stress that social determinants of healths end results and how they are involved with social living conditions. The video does not indicate anything about the social comparison theories that are in the textbook. This is where   persons contrast their living condition to others   and if they sense they are wanting in any way they   encounter levels of stress, envy that impact their health ( Raphael .D, n.d ) . The video indicates that the preferable your socioeconomic status the healthier you are and this is accurate. However, there are also conditions where individual have everything at their disposal to be healthy and earn a good income yet have poor health. This can be induced by poor lifestyles choices, genetics but can be linked with the social collation theories. In the situation of Nadia from the video she was deeply suffering from asthma and got taken to the E.R again, she got taken to the E.R as a result of her smoking again, she began smoking again because she was stressed out about her accommodation molding, and she cant manage to fix it because the company she is working for made some cutbacks and she was affected. Nadia is not educated enough to do anything else. This is a chain response. The ending in the video concerning what Nadia would require for her health were that she requires low-cost housing and food, the power to make healthy   choices and efficient   coping skills. The video additionally explains how she would require healthy lifestyle modifications, education to get a better employment, enough money for clothing and food, good work benefits and a secure community with good family and friends. Also, what the video did not mention that is in the textbook regarding Nadias case is that she could encounter race, gender and ethnicity inequalities. Perhaps even with the good education she got, she may not be able to have immense income because of income inequalities as a result of ethnicity and race. Which will be a worse situation because she will have to repay her educational loan and take her maintenance expenses from that income (Raphael.D, n.d). Or maybe examine this through another point of view and view the negative style in workplaces at the moment. The individuals making the higher incomes tend to overwork themselves, prompting stress as well and even if Nadia acquires a good education and better paying job she too might get overburdened and overstrained by the task responsibility (Raphael.D, n.d). The average person watching the video would get it because the video does an excellent job in looking at the bigger idea of public policy issue. However, they would ignore that a video under the health equality resources do not mention   anything regarding race, income and ethnic inequality neither does it cover individuals with high incomes overworking themselves   causing elevated stress level as well. The information the video presents is concise and to the aim thus causing audience to feel like no information is lacking from the truth presented.

Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma Essay

One very debatable ethical dilemma in today’s society is euthanasia. Euthanasia, like any other medical treatment should be seen as a choice. As a society, there are obligations to the sick that should be up held, but morally and legally may not be supportable. There are many aspects that go with this choice besides the obligation. There are also stakeholders to consider as well as social values, morals and religious implications. Euthanasia is Greek for good death which translates into English as easy death or mercy killing. It was accepted by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Three Asian religious traditions accept euthanasia: Buddhism, Shintoism, and Confucianism. It was rejected by the 3 main monotheistic religions: Christianity, Judaism and Islam. It has its supporters and opponents in all countries. Two types of patients are involved in euthanasia: (a) a patient in a persistent vegetative state who is awake but is not aware of self or the environment. Such a patient has no higher brain functions and is kept alive on artificial life support (b) patient in terminal illness with a lot of pain, psychological suffering and loss of dignity. The patient may or may not be on life support. There are different types of euthanasia. Active euthanasia, an act of commission, is taking some action that leads to death like a fatal injection. Passive euthanasia, an act of omission, is letting a person die by taking no action to maintain life. Passive euthanasia can be withholding or withdrawing water, food, drugs, medical or surgical procedures, resuscitation like CPR, and life support such as the respirator. The patient is then left to die from the underlying disease. Sometimes a distinction is made between normal nutrition and hydration on one hand and medical nutritional support involving intravenous and naso-gastric feeding on the other hand. Euthanasia can be by the patient or by the health care giver. Euthanasia can be voluntary when the pat ient takes the decision, non-voluntary when the decision is made by another person for an unconscious patient and involuntary when the decision is made contrary to the patient’s wish. There are ethical implications of European and American arguments for and against euthanasia. Two arguments are made for active euthanasia: (a) mercy killing because of pain, psychological and physical suffering (b) the utilitarian argument is that euthanasia is desirable because it relieves the misery of the terminally ill. Two arguments are made against active  euthanasia: (a) killing is morally wrong and is forbidden by religion (b) unexpected cures or procedures may be discovered to reverse the terminal condition. Nurses are the gatekeepers of the healing facility, although they may have their own outlooks based on their own ethical, cultural, and religious views (LeBaron, 2010). There are always value conflicts when it comes to euthanasia, which can be demonstrated by examining utilitarianism and rights. The nursing practice should be to keep patients alive, do no harm, do everything possible to save the life, and do good to everyone by respecting the right or autonomy of the individual patient. Although most of Americans presently think that physician-assisted suicide should be legal and no existing federal laws prohibiting the practice of euthanasia in United States, voluntary/assisted euthanasia is yet considered illegal and killing in all of the States but in Oregon, Washington, and soon Montana (Webster, 2009). First, Oregon and recently Washington passed a Death with Dignity Act and are actually the only places where euthanasia in terminally ill patients is legally and openly authorized (Blizzard, 2012). In 2009’s Baxter v. Montana case, the Montana Supreme Court declared that no law in state constitution stops patients from practicing voluntary/assisted euthanasia (O’Reilley, 2010). Any time the legislature can act to join Oregon and Washington in the public arena. According to both States’ laws, an adult competent patient must address three witnessed solicitations, two verbally and one in writing, to his/her attending physician for a fatal medica tion. Then the patient administers the dose on her/ his own. Obviously, the Death with Dignity Act unambiguously bans assisted euthanasia that obliges another person than the patient to take part in administering the medication (Exit International Australia, 2012). As euthanasia is observed from a diversity of different perspective, the stake holders’ opinions are considered. In front comes the patient who wishes and requests to discontinue her/his life in respect to human right to select the time and manner of death when she/ he is terminal ill by stopping unwanted, burdensome and/or futile medical treatment. Other people entrusted with the euthanasia dilemma include physicians/healthcare professionals, the family, insurance companies, religious groups, and the government. The second stakeholder is families that have to admit and follow the desires of their loved one to die in nobility. The involvement in this kind of decision  may be an unbearable load for some families who would be would be either not ready to let their darling one go, which could generate a catch-22 mainly if they are bending patient’s wishes, or emotionally scarred by the death. Other stakeholders in this situation are physicians and other practitioners who might come across a real impasse because the euthanasia breaches the â€Å"do no harm† Hippocratic Oath. The insurance companies may drive the patient in opting for death to conserve the money on an individual who does not hope of staying alive. Some religious groups are against euthanasia and consider it a suicide. Lastly the government intervenes in the stake holder in this state of affairs in defensive position for citizen from illegal measures. Voluntary/assisted euthanasia is an ethical dilemma, and creates issues and disagreements amongst those involved (Gore, 2012). Netherland and Belgium are the two countries in the world to legalize euthanasia. In the US, Oregon and Washington also legalized euthanasia. The main barriers to legalize euthanasia are the government, religion, fear, education and the media. More religious people are against euthanasia. Education also plays a major role in euthanasia. The more education a person has he/she believes all individuals have the right to autonomy and therefore the person has the right to decide to end their life. Euthanasia has pros and cons. Pros include relief from pain, relief from low quality or vegetative state of life, relief from financial strain on health care system and the resources can be used for other people. The cons include family members can kill another family member if they don’t like them or reduce financial burden, loss of respect of human life and according to religious view God can only choose when to end life. In Euthanasia legalized countries, such as palliative care nurses in Belgium have important roles and responsibilities in working with euthanasia requested by patients and their families. The nurse involvement starts when the patient requests to euthanasia and ends by supporting family and loved ones. They are in key positions to provide valuable care to the patient and family. Nurses assist the health care team after the life threatening procedure. Pain management and comfort care are their main goals at that time. Nurses are open-minded and have unique relationships with the patient and family. â€Å"In the twentieth century, a number of social and technological changes made euthanasia a morally acceptable choice to growing numbers of people† (Wells, 2006). There are two  types of ethical theories that are going to be focused on. The first is utilitarianism, which is an action that is morally correct if its consequence is good for the greatest numbers. It generally focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number, and neglects the individual rights. The other theory is called deontology, which takes into consideration the way something is to be done and not just on the consequences of that action. One may tell a lie to the doctor, just to save a friend but doesnâ₠¬â„¢t think of the grave consequences they have to suffer later on. A person making a voluntary euthanasia uses the utilitarianism theory when making such a judgment. One might choose to voluntarily do euthanasia if the person has reached an all-time low and the only other option is to the act. The person has to have thoroughly thought about the consequences and make sure his or her judgment is not biased or is not taken personal. There are certain conditions that apply for one to request voluntary euthanasia. Conditions are an unlikelihood of recovering from a cure, suffering from a terminal illness, and most importantly, they must have a voluntary wish to die. As can be seen by the multiple views of the authors, euthanasia is not an easy topic to side on. Due to many religious beliefs, one may feel euthanasia is wrong. But as a nurse that sees suffering every day, this same person would support euthanasia if not condemned by his/her religion. With the support of the ‘do no harm’ belief, it can also be construed that assisting in euthan asia is not doing harm, but preventing harm for those with chronic severe pain. There is no nationwide movement for the majority of the states to legislate for euthanasia, but thankfully there are two, soon to be three compassionate states that have in-acted this law. References Blizzard, R. (2002). Right to die or dead to rights? Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/6265/Right-Die-Dead-Rights.aspx?version=print Euthanasia: The nurses role (2011). Issues in nursing. Retrieved on 10/3/12 from Nursing students 417.wordpress.com Exit International Australia (2012). Death with Dignity in Oregon (soon to be Montana. Retrieved from http://www.exitinternational.net/page/USA Gore, J. (2011) Stakeholders in Euthanasia. Retrieved from http://jacktgore.edublogs.org/2011/08/03/stakeholders-in-euthanasia/ LeBaron Jr, G. (2010). The ethics of euthanasia. Retrieved October 3, 2012, from http://www.quantonics.com/The_Ethics_of_Euthanasia_By_Garn_LeBaron.html Purtilo, R., & Doherty, R. (2011). Ethical dimensions in the health professions (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Task Force on the Nurse’s Role in End-of-Life Decisions, 2011. (2011). Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 8(1). Webster, B. (2009). Assisted Suicide/Voluntary Euthanasia. International debate education association. UK. Retrieved from http://www.idebate.org/debatabase/topic_print.php?topicID=55 Wells, K. R., Frey, R. (2006). The gale encyclopedia of nursing and allied health ed. In J. L. LONGE (Ed.), (2 ed., Vol. 2, pp. 993-996). DETROIT, GALE